how do antibiotics work

Antibiotics treat bacterial infections by either killing bacteria directly or slowing their growth and reproduction.

Targeting bacterial processes. Antibiotics disrupt critical bacterial functions such as cell wall synthesis, protein production, DNA replication, and cell membrane integrity.
Killing versus inhibiting growth. Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria, while bacteriostatic antibiotics stop them from multiplying, which helps the body's natural defenses eliminate the infection.
Selective toxicity. Antibiotics are designed to target structures or processes specific to bacteria that human cells do not possess, allowing them to fight infections without harming the host.
Limitations of use. Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses, such as those causing the cold or flu, and only treat specific bacterial infections.